Osteogenic differentiation: a universal cell program of heterogeneous mesenchymal cells or a similar extracellular matrix mineralizing phenotype?

Despite the popularity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), many fundamental aspects their physiology still have not been understood. The information accumulated to date argues that MSCs from different sources vary in differentiation potential and, probably, molecular mechanisms trilineage differentiation. Therefore, this review consists two parts. Firstly, we focus on data inter- and intra-source variation MSCs. We discuss detail MSC at single-cell level direct omics comparison four main tissue sources: bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord tooth. all tissues represent heterogeneous populations vivo with sub-populational structures reflecting functional role tissue. After vitro cultivation lose natural heterogeneity, but obtain a new one, which might be regarded as artifact. Nevertheless, various keep differences after cultivation. In second part review, how these influence osteogenic highlight least one subtype matrix mineralization — odontoblastic also pathological heterotopic valve interstitial tumor cells, assumptions need additional empirical confirmation. Finally, observe several types argue influenced by cell context. marrow seem undergo similarly, same mechanisms.